Archive for the ‘stem cells’ Category
pancreatic regeneration
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 21st, 2009
The pancreas – and especially its endocrine component – has a wellknown ability to regenerate under a number of circumstances. These include obesity, pregnancy, high blood sugar levels, and experimental interventions such as cellophane wrapping, partial duct ligation, and partial pancreatectomy. Here we review the most-studied models of pancreatic regeneration and discuss the proposed molecular mechanisms behind the observed effects. These include reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, self-duplication of mature cells, and the recapitulation of the embryonic developmental program. We also discuss the different theories presented in the literature about the origin of neogenic islets/beta cells. Read the rest of this entry »
Correspondence Between Mouse and Human Pancreatic Development
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 21st, 2009
Correspondence Between Mouse and Human Pancreatic Development
Despite the seemingly perfect conservation across species of most transcription factors already discussed, even a superficial analysis of human pancreatic development reveals striking differences with that of the mouse. The following are just a few examples: the relative speed of the transition between the initiation of pancreatic development and the emergence of the first hormone-positive cells in the epithelium is remarkably faster in the mouse. According to the relative timeframe observed in the latter, the detection of the first endocrine cells in humans would take place no later than 4.5/5 weeks postconception (w.p.c.). However, extensive immunohistochemical analyses of the developing human pancreas show that the first endocrine cells are not detectable prior to 7 w.p.c., more than 3 weeks after pancreatic specification. 216 The biological significance of this relative delay is not fully understood yet. The first endocrine cells to appear during human pancreatic development are beta cells (7 w.p.c.). In contrast with the mouse, a cells do not appear until later, at around 8.5 w.p.c. Islets assemble just prior to term in mouse, whereas human islets are fully formed from 12 to 13 w.p.c. Read the rest of this entry »
Do Physical Factors Play a Role in Pancreatic Development
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 21st, 2009
Progress in our understanding of the influence of nonchemical agents in the progression of embryonic development is consolidating old disciplines such as biophysics and shaping new ones, such as mechanobiology. It is known, for instance, that mechanical forces generated by the division of cells in a confluent setting (such as that found in living tissues) are able to regulate the cellular pathways of proliferation and differentiation. This is an example in which the form of the tissue (a physical parameter) would be not just the outcome, but also the effector of certain developmental programs. This knowledge is currently being applied for the design of better in vitro differentiation protocols that take into account not only the adequate biochemical milieu, but also physical determinants such as tensile strength and the nature of the substrate. Read the rest of this entry »
Secondary Transition
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 21st, 2009
The secondary transition is a phenomenon first observed in the pioneering studies on the developing pancreas conducted by Pictet and Rutter in the early 1970s. In short, it can be described as a secondary wave of synchronized endocrine and exocrine differentiation. Although there is no clear-cut initiation, it is generally acknowledged that the secondary transition starts around e13.5 in the mouse. Recent studies suggest that changes in the TGF- b signaling pattern might be responsible for this developmental phase. Throughout its course, the epithelium branches extensively: the termini of the ducts give rise to exocrine cell types, and the cells lining the ducts become a niche for pancreatic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Read the rest of this entry »
Ductal and Exocrine Specification
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 20th, 2009
CRE-ER™ technology has allowed the development of invaluable lineage-tracing experiments to ascertain the origin of each cell type within the pancreas. Using this technology, Gu et al. noticed that, when marking Pdx1 + cells at any point during the initial stages of pancreatic development (e9.5–e11.5), the label could be detected in cells of every pancreatic tissue (endocrine, exocrine, and ductal). This served as additional confirmation of earlier knockout experiments showing that the entire pancreas arises from Pdx1 + progenitor cells.However, when tamoxifen-induced labeling of Pdx1 + cells was performed before e9.5 or after e11.5, the marker could only be seen in acinar and endocrine cells. Thus, it appears that ductal progenitors are specified from Pdx1 + . Read the rest of this entry »
Pancreatic development
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 20th, 2009
Pancreatic development is arguably the best-studied example of organogenesis. Both gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies conducted in mice over the last decade have contributed to our understanding of a basic “genetic roadmap” of pancreatic – and particularly endocrine – development. Here we review this knowledge from the onset of the pancreatic program in the foregut epithelium (with the expression of the critical regulators Pdx1 and Ptf1a) to the specification of ductal, exocrine, and endocrine cell types. A special emphasis is placed on the development of endocrine beta cells, which are destroyed in type I diabetes and therefore constitute the endpoint of many stem cell differentiation protocols. Read the rest of this entry »
stem cell refence
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 1st, 2009
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stem cell refences books
Posted by admin in stem cells on June 1st, 2009
New ideas and major principles about stem cell tech can be reached following refrences :
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6. Fang, B., Song, Y.P., Liao, L.M., Han, Q. & Zhao, R.C. Treatment of severe therapy-resistant
acute graft-versus-host disease with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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7. Ringden, O., Uzunel, M., Rasmusson, I., Remberger, M., Sundberg, B., Lonnies, H.,
Marschall, H.U., Dlugosz, A., Szakos, A., Hassan, Z., Omazic, B., Aschan, J., Barkholt, L. &
Le Blanc, K. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of therapy-resistant graft-versus-host
disease. Transplantation . 81 , 1390–7 (2006). Read the rest of this entry »